#Online steam engine workdone calculator full

In this case the general rule of higher efficiency from higher compression does not apply because diesels with compression ratios over 20:1 are indirect injection diesels (as opposed to direct injection). Some engines, which use the Atkinson cycle or the Miller cycle achieve increased efficiency by having an expansion ratio larger than the compression ratio.ĭiesel engines have a compression/expansion ratio between 14:1 to 25:1. Most petrol (gasoline, Otto cycle) and diesel ( Diesel cycle) engines have an expansion ratio equal to the compression ratio. This technique is known as variable displacement. One solution to this issue is to shift the load in a multi-cylinder engine from some of the cylinders (by deactivating them) to the remaining cylinders so that they may operate under higher individual loads and with correspondingly higher effective compression ratios.

#Online steam engine workdone calculator full

The engine efficiency is less than when the engine is operating at full throttle. when the throttle is less than fully open), the effective compression ratio is less than when the engine is operating at full throttle, due to the simple fact that the incoming fuel-air mixture is being restricted and cannot fill the chamber to full atmospheric pressure. In fact, lower-octane fuels, typically rated by cetane number, are preferable in these applications because they are more easily ignited under compression. However, in engines that utilize compression rather than spark ignition, by means of very high compression ratios (14–25:1), such as the diesel engine or Bourke engine, high octane fuel is not necessary. High octane value inhibits the fuel's tendency to burn nearly instantaneously (known as detonation or knock) at high compression/high heat conditions.

The greater the expansion ratio, the more efficient the engine, in principle, and higher compression / expansion -ratio conventional engines in principle need gasoline with higher octane value, though this simplistic analysis is complicated by the difference between actual and geometric compression ratios. The expansion ratio (calculated purely from the geometry of the mechanical parts) of a typical gasoline (petrol) is 10:1 ( premium fuel) or 9:1 (regular fuel), with some engines reaching a ratio of 12:1 or more. Hence, increasing the starting pressure is an effective way to increase the work extracted (decreasing the ending pressure, as is done with steam turbines by exhausting into a vacuum, is likewise effective). For any heat engine the work which can be extracted from it is proportional to the difference between the starting pressure and the ending pressure during the expansion phase. The efficiency of internal combustion engines depends on several factors, the most important of which is the expansion ratio. ( July 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Instead of cigarette smoke, the user inhales an aerosol, commonly called vapor.Į-cigarettes typically have a heating element that atomizes a liquid solution known as e-liquid.Į-liquids usually contain propylene glycol, glycerin, water, nicotine, and flavorings.Į-liquids are also sold without propylene glycol, without nicotine, or without flavors.This section does not cite any sources. There are disposable cigalikes which are known as first generation 'cigalikes' and there are reusable versions. Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes, but others do not.

They are often cylindrical, but come in many variations. The user automatically activates the e-cigarette by taking a puff other devices turn on by pressing a button manually.

An electronic cigarette (e-cig or e-cigarette), personal vaporizer (PV) or electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) is a battery-powered vaporizer which simulates the feeling of smoking,